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Introduction In the world of equity market analysis, traders and investors often seek to identify promising investment opportunities by evaluating the performance of various shares. One valuable tool that aids in this analysis is the Relative Rotational Graph (RRG). RRG is a graphical representation that helps investors understand the relative strength and momentum of different shares within a given market or sector. What is a Relative Rotational Graph (RRG)? A Relative Rotational Graph is a visual representation of the relative performance of shares in comparison to a benchmark index or a specific group of shares. The graph plots individual shares as data points and illustrates their movement over time, relative to the benchmark. The positioning of each share on the graph provides crucial insights into its relative strength, momentum, and potential investment opportunities. How RRG Works: The Four Quadrants The RRG chart is divided into four quadrants, each representing different stages of relative performance: Leading (Leading Quadrant): Shares in this quadrant are exhibiting strong relative strength and positive momentum compared to the benchmark. They are outperforming the broader market or sector and are considered leaders in terms of price performance. These shares are regarded as potential Profit takes or Holds candidates. Weakening (Weakening Quadrant): Shares in this quadrant are experiencing a decline in relative strength compared to the benchmark. While they might still be in an uptrend, their momentum is slowing down, and they may be losing some of their leadership positions. These shares are classified as potential Deteriorating candidates or short-selling. Lagging (Lagging Quadrant): Shares in this quadrant are underperforming the benchmark. They are experiencing weak relative strength and may be struggling compared to other shares or the broader market. These shares are classified as potential Avoid candidates. Improving (Improving Quadrant): Shares in this quadrant are showing signs of improvement in relative strength, indicating that they are gaining momentum and starting to outperform the benchmark. These shares are considered as potential Buy candidates. Interpreting RRG for Investment Insights When analysing a Relative Rotational Graph, traders and investors can draw several meaningful conclusions: Identifying Leaders and Laggards: RRG helps investors quickly identify which shares are leading the market's upward trends and which are lagging behind. Leading shares in the Leading Quadrant might be attractive investment candidates, while those in the Lagging Quadrant could warrant closer examination to understand potential weaknesses. Spotting Trend Reversals: A changing position of a share on the RRG can signal a potential trend reversal. For example, a share moving from the Weakening Quadrant to the Improving Quadrant may indicate a shift in momentum and an upcoming upward trend. Diversification Insights: RRG can assist in portfolio diversification by highlighting shares that exhibit a low correlation with the benchmark. Adding shares with diverse movement patterns can help reduce overall portfolio risk. Monitoring Sector Rotations: RRG is especially useful for sector rotation strategies, where investors rotate their investments based on the relative strength of sectors. It helps identify which sectors are currently leading or lagging in the market. Limitations of RRG While RRG is a valuable tool, it is essential to recognize its limitations: Historical Performance: RRG is based on past price data and may not always predict future movements accurately. Not a Standalone Indicator: RRG should be used in conjunction with other technical and fundamental analysis tools for comprehensive decision-making. Volatility Impact: Highly volatile shares may exhibit erratic movements on the RRG, making interpretation challenging. Conclusion Relative Rotational Graphs provide traders and investors with a powerful visual representation of the relative performance of shares compared to a benchmark index or a group of shares. By understanding the quadrants and interpreting the movements of individual shares, investors can gain valuable insights into market trends, identify potential investment opportunities, and optimise their portfolio allocations. As with any investment analysis tool, it should be used alongside other methods and within the context of a well-thought-out investment strategy. JSE All Share constituent RRG chart: The updated RRG chart displayed below compares the individual constituents of the JSE All Share index against the index itself. This chart undergoes daily updates, and to enhance clarity, various colour backgrounds are utilised for ease of reference. Leading (Leading Quadrant): Green background. These shares are regarded as potential Profit takes or Hold candidates. Weakening (Weakening Quadrant): Yellow background. These shares are classified as potential Deteriorating candidates or short-selling. Lagging (Lagging Quadrant): Red background. These shares are classified as potential Avoid candidates. Improving (Improving Quadrant): Blue background. These shares are considered potential Buy candidates. Access and download the annotated file from this link.

Introduction When it comes to investing in shares, it's crucial to be armed with the right tools and knowledge to make informed decisions. One of the most important metrics that investors use to assess the risk and return potential of equities is beta. Beta is a numerical value that measures the sensitivity of a share's price movements relative to changes in the broader market. We will delve into the concept of beta and explore its significance for share investors. What is Beta? Beta, often denoted as "β," is a statistical measure used in finance to quantify the volatility or systematic risk of a share compared to the overall market. The market, in this context, is typically represented by an index, such as the Top 40 index. The beta value indicates how much a share's price is expected to move concerning the market's movements. It helps investors understand how closely the share's performance is tied to the market's fluctuations. Interpreting Beta Values β = 1: If a share has a beta of 1, it moves in perfect correlation with the market. Its price tends to rise or fall by the same percentage as the market index. Such shares are considered market-neutral in terms of volatility. β < 1: A share with a beta below 1 is less volatile than the market. In other words, it is expected to have smaller price swings than the overall market. These shares are often referred to as defensive equities and are perceived to offer a more stable investment option. β > 1: A share with a beta above 1 is more volatile than the market. It tends to experience larger price movements, both upward and downward, compared to the market index. These shares are considered aggressive or growth-oriented investments. Risk and Return Relationship Beta plays a crucial role in determining the risk and return profile of a share. Typically, higher beta shares offer the potential for greater returns but also come with higher risk. Conversely, lower beta shares may have more modest returns but tend to be less risky and more stable during market downturns. For example, if Share A has a beta of 1.5, and the market (represented by an index) increases by 10%, Share A might be expected to rise by 15% (1.5 times the market return). Conversely, if the market falls by 10%, Share A could be anticipated to decline by 15%. How to Use Beta in Investment Decisions Diversification: Beta can help investors build a diversified portfolio. By combining shares with different beta values, investors can offset the risk of high-beta shares with the stability of low-beta shares. Risk Management: Beta assists in assessing the level of risk an investor is willing to undertake. Conservative investors might opt for low-beta shares, while those seeking higher returns might favour high-beta shares. Market Timing: Understanding beta can help investors make better decisions about when to buy or sell a share. During a bullish market, high-beta shares may outperform, while during a bearish market, low-beta shares may hold up better. Limitations of Beta While beta is a valuable metric, it does have some limitations: Historical Data: Beta is based on historical price movements, and the past may not necessarily predict future performance accurately. Market Conditions: Beta assumes that market conditions will remain constant, which is often not the case. Single-factor Metric: Beta considers only market-related risk and does not account for other factors like company-specific events or changes in industry dynamics. Conclusion Beta is a useful tool for investors to gauge the volatility and risk associated with a particular share relative to the overall market. It aids in constructing a well-balanced portfolio and managing risk according to individual investment goals and risk tolerance. However, beta should not be the sole factor in investment decisions, as it's essential to consider other aspects of a company's fundamentals and the broader economic environment to make well-informed investment choices. As with any investment analysis, it's prudent to conduct thorough research. Top 40 share beta and selected markets: The heatmap displayed below presents the constituents of the Top 40 index alongside selected major markets. This dynamic heatmap is updated daily, providing valuable insights. For added convenience, you can download the corresponding data as an Excel file. Stay informed of the latest trends and changes in the market through this user-friendly visualisation. Download the Excel file here:

Introduction In the world of share trading, understanding correlation is vital for making informed investment decisions and managing risk effectively. Correlation plays a crucial role in assessing how different shares or assets move in relation to each other, providing insights into portfolio diversification, risk management, and potential investment opportunities. We will explore the concept of correlation in share trading, its importance, and how traders and investors can leverage this knowledge to improve their strategies. What is Correlation in Share Trading? In share trading, correlation refers to the statistical relationship between the price movements of two or more shares or assets. When two shares have a positive correlation, they tend to move in the same direction – when one share's price increases, the other share's price also increases. On the other hand, a negative correlation indicates that two shares tend to move in opposite directions – when one share's price increases, the other share's price decreases. Finally, if two shares have a correlation close to zero, it suggests that their price movements are not significantly related. Measuring Correlation in Share Trading The most common method of measuring correlation between two shares is by using the Pearson correlation coefficient, just like in general statistics. The correlation coefficient ranges from -1 to 1, with the same interpretation as before: r = 1 indicates a perfect positive correlation, where the two shares move in complete harmony. r = -1 indicates a perfect negative correlation, where the two shares move in opposite directions. r ≈ 0 indicates little to no correlation, suggesting that the two shares have independent price movements. Importance of Correlation in Share Trading Understanding the correlation between different shares is crucial for several reasons: Diversification: Correlation helps traders identify assets that have low or negative correlations with each other. Diversifying a portfolio with assets that are not highly correlated can help reduce overall risk. When some assets decrease in value, others might increase, which can mitigate losses. Risk Management: High correlations among shares can increase the overall risk in a portfolio. If all shares in a portfolio are positively correlated, they are more likely to experience simultaneous declines during market downturns. By knowing the correlation between holdings, traders can optimise their portfolios to manage risk more effectively. Identifying Investment Opportunities: Traders can use correlation analysis to identify potential investment opportunities. For example, if they notice a positive correlation between two shares, they might consider one as a proxy for the other. If the correlation is negative, they may see a hedging opportunity to protect against price declines. Sector Analysis: Correlation analysis can help traders understand the broader movements within specific sectors or industries. For example, in a technology-heavy sector, many shares might be positively correlated, and understanding this can influence investment decisions within that sector. Limitations of Correlation in Share Trading While correlation is a valuable tool, it has its limitations: Changing Market Conditions: Correlations between shares can change over time due to shifts in market dynamics, economic conditions, or company-specific events. Traders need to monitor correlations regularly and be prepared for them to evolve. Limited to Linear Relationships: Correlation measures linear relationships between variables. Some shares may have non-linear relationships, making it important to consider other forms of analysis alongside correlation. Causation Concerns: As always, it's essential to remember that correlation does not imply causation. Just because two shares are correlated does not necessarily mean that one share causes the price movement of the other. Conclusion In share trading, understanding correlation is a powerful tool for making informed decisions, managing risk, and optimising investment portfolios. By analysing the relationship between different shares, traders can diversify their portfolios effectively, identify hedging opportunities, and navigate changing market conditions more intelligently. However, correlation should always be used in combination with other forms of analysis, and traders must be cautious about drawing causal conclusions solely based on correlation. With a solid understanding of correlation, traders can navigate the dynamic world of share trading with greater confidence and success. Top 40 share correlation and selected markets The heatmap displayed below presents the constituents of the Top 40 index alongside selected major markets. This dynamic heatmap is updated daily, providing valuable insights. For added convenience, you can download the corresponding data as an Excel file. Stay informed of the latest trends and changes in the market through this user-friendly visualisation. Download the Excel file here:

Introduction: Relative Price Strength (RPS) is a critical technical indicator used by traders and investors to assess the performance of an equity relative to the broader market or its industry peers. By understanding RPS and incorporating it into their investment strategies, individuals can gain valuable insights into an equity's potential for future price movement. We will delve into the concept of RPS, how it is calculated, and its significance in share trading. What is Relative Price Strength (RPS)? Relative Price Strength, also known as Relative Strength, is a momentum-based metric that evaluates an equity's performance relative to a benchmark index or a group of peers. It is used to identify equities that have outperformed or underperformed in their market or sector over a specified period. RPS Calculation: To calculate RPS, we compare the price performance of a particular share to the performance of a designated benchmark index or a group of shares. The RPS calculation typically involves comparing the price change over a specific time frame, depending on the preference of the trader or investor. The formula for calculating RPS is as follows: RPS = (Share's Price at date x / Share's Price at date y) / (Benchmark's Price at date x / Benchmark's Price at date y) date x = most recent price of the share or benchmark date y = price of the share or benchmark x periods ago Understanding RPS Values: The RPS value is represented as a ratio, and it indicates the stock's relative strength compared to the benchmark or peer group. A value above 1 suggests that the share has outperformed the benchmark or peers, while a value below 1 indicates underperformance. Significance of RPS in Share Trading: Identifying Strong Performers: RPS helps traders and investors identify shares that have demonstrated significant price strength compared to the overall market or their sector. These shares are often considered strong performers and may continue to exhibit positive price movement. Trend Confirmation: RPS can help confirm the prevailing trends in the market or sector. Shares with high RPS values are more likely to be in uptrends, while those with low RPS values might be in downtrends. Share Selection: Traders can use RPS to filter and prioritise their share selection process. A higher RPS value could make a share more appealing for trading or investment opportunities. Divergence Detection: RPS can also help identify potential divergences between a share and the broader market or sector. Divergences occur when an equity's price moves in the opposite direction to its RPS, which might signal a potential trend reversal or correction. Limitations of RPS: While RPS can be a valuable tool for assessing relative performance, it has some limitations that traders and investors should be aware of: Short-Term Focus: RPS is primarily a short to medium-term indicator. It might not accurately reflect a share's long-term potential or fundamental strength. Benchmark Selection: The choice of benchmark or peer group can significantly impact the RPS calculation. Different benchmarks can lead to different RPS values for the same share. Conclusion: Relative Price Strength (RPS) is a valuable technical indicator that provides insights into an equity's relative performance compared to a benchmark index or its peers. By understanding RPS, traders and investors can make more informed decisions, identify strong performers, and validate existing trends in the market or sector. However, like any single metric, RPS should be used in conjunction with other indicators and fundamental analysis to make well-rounded investment decisions. JSE All Share headline indices RPS: In the financial markets, certain headline indices have showcased remarkable outperformance, suggesting a notable influx of capital. This surge in capital inflow signals growing trader and investor confidence and interest in these headline indices. Whereas traders and investors seem to be reallocating their investments away from headline indices where there is an outflow of capital. Capital Inflow headline indices (in ranking order): 1. Resources Capital outflow headline indices (in ranking order): 1. Financials 2. Industrials JSE All Share share RPS: Understanding the performance of individual shares in comparison to the broader market is crucial for traders and investors seeking to capitalise on market trends. The table below highlights the top 20 and bottom 20 shares based on RPS, with a lookback period of the last 10 days, indicated by their ranking changes since the previous update. The table is updated daily. The Top 20 RPS Leaders: These are the shares that have exhibited the strongest relative price performance within the JSE All Share index over the past 10 days. The Bottom 20 RPS Laggards: These shares have shown the weakest relative price performance within the JSE All Share index over the same 10-day period. JSE All Share sector RPS: In this analysis, we will examine the top 10 and bottom 10 sectors based on RPS, considering the lookback period of the last 10 days. The table is also updated daily. The Top 10 RPS Leading Sectors These sectors have demonstrated the strongest relative price performance within the JSE All Share index during the 10-day lookback period. The Bottom 10 RPS Lagging Sectors Conversely, these sectors have exhibited the weakest relative price performance within the JSE All Share index over the same 10-day period.

Introduction In the world of technical analysis, traders and investors often use various tools and indicators to gain insights into market trends and potential price movements. One such tool is the Linear Regression Channel, which utilises statistical concepts like standard deviation to help identify the potential range of price action. Understanding how to interpret and use the Linear Regression Channel in conjunction with standard deviation can provide valuable information for traders to make informed decisions. What is Linear Regression Channel? The Linear Regression Channel is a technical analysis tool that plots a straight line based on the linear regression of the price data over a specific period. This line serves as the central axis of the channel, with two parallel lines drawn above and below it, representing the upper and lower ranges. The channel helps traders visualize the general direction of the trend and possible areas of support and resistance. Calculating the Linear Regression Channel involves fitting a linear regression line to the price data, usually based on the closing prices, over a defined look-back period. The resulting line represents the average or mean of the price data over that period. Understanding Standard Deviation Standard deviation is a measure of the dispersion or variability of the price data around the linear regression line. In the context of a Linear Regression Channel, standard deviation helps determine the width of the channel, which indicates the potential volatility or uncertainty of price movements. When the standard deviation is high, it means the price data is spread out widely from the regression line, indicating higher volatility. Conversely, a low standard deviation suggests that the price data is closely clustered around the regression line, indicating lower volatility. Using Scoring to Assess Proximity to the Linear Regression Channel The term "scoring" in this context refers to a numerical value representing the distance of the current price from the linear regression line. This score is typically normalised to a scale between 0 and 10, with 1 indicating the lowest proximity to the regression line and 10 indicating the highest proximity. The relationship between the scoring and the Linear Regression Channel is as follows: Scoring Close to 0: When the scoring is closer to 0, it suggests that the current price is near the lower range of the Linear Regression Channel. This indicates that the market is potentially oversold, and the price may be due for a correction or bounce towards the mean or central axis of the channel. Scoring Close to 10: Conversely, when the scoring is closer to 10, it suggests that the current price is near the upper range of the Linear Regression Channel. This indicates that the market is potentially overbought, and the price may be due for a correction or a bounce back towards the mean. Interpreting Linear Regression Channel and Standard Deviation Together Combining the Linear Regression Channel and standard deviation provides a more comprehensive picture of the market's behaviour. When the standard deviation is wider, the channel broadens, indicating higher volatility. In contrast, a narrower standard deviation results in a narrower channel, suggesting lower volatility. Traders can use this information to: Identify Potential Reversal Zones: When the price action reaches the upper or lower range of the channel, coupled with high standard deviation, it may indicate an overextended market and a potential reversal in the opposite direction. Recognise Trend Strength: If the price remains within a narrow channel and the standard deviation is relatively low, it suggests a stable and well-defined trend, while a wide channel with a high standard deviation indicates a more erratic or uncertain market. Conclusion The Linear Regression Channel and standard deviation are valuable tools for traders to gain insights into the potential range of price action and market volatility. When combined, they can provide a clearer understanding of trend direction, potential reversal points, and overall market sentiment. By using the scoring system to assess proximity to the channel, traders can make more informed decisions, enhancing their ability to navigate the dynamic world of financial markets. However, as with any technical analysis tool, it is essential to use these indicators in conjunction with other forms of analysis and risk management strategies to make well-rounded and informed trading decisions. Top 40 share scoring and selected markets The bar chart displayed below presents the constituents of the Top 40 index. This dynamic bar chart is updated weekly, providing valuable insights.

The market overview serves as a comprehensive snapshot of the financial markets, providing a summary of various asset classes, sectors, and indices. Its primary purpose is to showcase the performance of different financial instruments over a specific period.

The Week That Was In a fluctuating trading session on Friday, US equity markets closed lower, with a waning rally in semiconductor stocks contributing to the downturn. Nvidia's stock took a notable hit, dropping by 5.4%, which led to declines in major indexes: the S&P 500 fell by 0.6% and the Nasdaq 100 by 1.5%, both pulling back from recent highs. The Dow Jones Industrial Average shed 68 points, though its losses were mitigated by a 1% gain in Apple shares, which broke a seven-day losing streak, supporting the index. Additionally, the market absorbed the latest US employment data, suggesting the US Federal Reserve might begin reducing interest rates as early as June. The February jobs report exceeded expectations, yet revisions showed significant reductions in job growth for January and December and an unexpected uptick in the unemployment rate. Among individual stocks, Broadcom experienced a 7% decline after disappointing full-year projections and quarterly earnings that fell short of expectations. Over the week, the S&P 500 dropped by 0.2%, the Nasdaq by 1%, and the Dow Jones by 0.7%, marking its most challenging week since October 2023. The JSE All Share index showed little movement, hovering around 73 560 on Friday, as traders and investors traded cautiously in anticipation of the upcoming nonfarm payrolls report from the US, a key indicator that could shed light on future interest rate decisions. Federal Reserve Chair Jerome Powell, on Thursday, reiterated his stance that the central bank is close to a position where it could lower interest rates. He emphasised, however, that a consistent move towards the 2% inflation target would be a prerequisite for such a cut. Among individual shares, notable declines were seen in Pick n Pay (down 2.7%), MTN Group (down 2.5%), and Alphamin Resources (down 2.4%), while Montauk Renewables led the gains, jumping over 5%, making it the top performer in the index for the day. Over the course of the week, the JSE was on track to secure a gain of 1.1%. The Week Ahead This week in the US, attention is riveted on the highly anticipated February CPI report, accompanied by data on retail sales, industrial production, and an initial gauge of Michigan's consumer sentiment for March. The headline inflation rate is expected to hold steady at 3.1% for February, with the core inflation rate predicted to fall to 3.7%, marking its lowest point since April 2021. Both headline and core inflation are forecasted to increase by 0.4% and 0.3% month-over-month, respectively. Retail sales are anticipated to rebound with a 0.5% increase, partially offsetting a 0.8% drop in January, while industrial production is projected to stabilize following a slight 0.1% decrease. In the UK, forthcoming updates include monthly GDP figures, industrial production, trade balance, and employment data. The economy is poised for a rebound in January, despite a pause in industrial and manufacturing output after two months of expansion. The jobless rate is expected to remain at 3.8% for the three months to January, its lowest in a year, with average weekly earnings, including bonuses, likely to fall slightly to 5.7%, the lowest since July 2022. Euro Area industrial activity is forecasted to decrease after two months of consecutive gains. China's economic highlights include the People's Bank of China's announcement on the one-year medium-term lending facility rate, with growing expectations of a potential rate cut. Post-Lunar New Year effects are anticipated to moderate loan growth from January's record highs, while the house price index remains a critical measure to monitor. Japan's final GDP growth figures for Q4 are expected to be revised up to 0.3% growth from an initial estimate of a 0.1% contraction, buoyed by increased corporate investment. The focus will also be on machine tool orders and the Producer Price Index. In India, a slight reduction in inflation rates is forecasted for both retail and wholesale sectors, alongside an expectation for a modest acceleration in industrial production. Key Themes for the Week Ahead US inflation Market participants are keenly anticipating the release of the US inflation figures on Tuesday to assess the timing of the US Federal Reserve's potential interest rate reductions. Expectations are set for the consumer price index (CPI) of February to exhibit a 0.4% increase, following a surprisingly swift 0.3% rise in January. During a statement on Thursday last week, Jerome Powell, the Chair of the Federal Reserve, indicated that lowering interest rates could be a reasonable move "at some point this year." However, he emphasized that he and his colleagues are not yet prepared to take such action. Additionally, attention is turning towards the retail sales data for February, scheduled for release on Thursday, with forecasts predicting a 0.8% recovery after a decline of the same magnitude the previous month. The week's economic agenda also includes updates on industrial production, consumer sentiment, and the weekly figures for initial jobless claims. As the Fed officials enter the customary blackout period preceding their next meeting (19 to 20 March 2024), market observers and investors are closely monitoring these developments for insights into future monetary policy directions. Equity markets On Friday, Wall Street's primary indexes concluded a week marked by volatility with losses, as Nvidia, a standout in the artificial intelligence sector, saw its shares decline following a recent surge. Nvidia witnessed its most significant daily loss since late May on Friday, with a downturn exceeding 5%. Nevertheless, the company's stock closed the week with an impressive gain of over 6%, continuing a rally that has contributed more than $1 trillion to its market capitalization this year. Analysts attribute this pullback to traders and investors deciding to secure profits after the market's recent ascent. The forthcoming inflation data is unlikely to convince the Federal Reserve that inflationary pressures are subsiding quickly enough to justify an immediate adjustment in monetary policy. This prospect may lead market participants to maintain a degree of caution. Energy prices Oil prices ended 1% lower on Friday, with a more substantial decline over the week, amid persistent concerns about subdued demand from China, despite the OPEC+ group's decision to prolong supply reductions. For last week, Brent crude experienced a 1.8% decrease, while West Texas Intermediate (WTI) futures saw a 2.5% decline. China's recent announcement of a 5% economic growth target for 2024 has been met with scepticism by many analysts, who argue that achieving such a goal would require significant additional stimulus. On the supply front, the OPEC+ alliance, spearheaded by Saudi Arabia and Russia, has decided to continue its voluntary production cut of 2.2 million barrels per day into the next quarter. This move aims to bolster the market amidst concerns about global economic growth and increasing oil production outside of the OPEC+ group. Moreover, energy market participants are keenly observing potential interest rate cuts by the Federal Reserve and the European Central Bank. Lower interest rates could spur oil demand by stimulating economic growth. UK employment data The UK is poised to unveil its most recent employment data on Tuesday, capturing the attention of both investors and the Bank of England, particularly with regard to wage growth and its implications for the timing of an anticipated interest rate cut. In December, the pace of average hourly earnings growth moderated to 6.2%, marking the slowest increase in more than a year. However, this deceleration was not sufficient to persuade Bank of England officials that the current interest rates, which are at a 16-year peak, should be reduced in the near term. On another note, the Eurozone is scheduled to announce its industrial production figures for January. The data from December revealed a significant surge in production, offsetting a year's worth of declines. Another robust performance would signal a positive outlook for the Eurozone's GDP growth in the first quarter. Bitcoin price action Bitcoin recently reached a new all-time high, surpassing $70 000. This surge is largely attributed to the growing interest in new US spot Bitcoin ETFs launched this year and the anticipation of declining global interest rates. In recent weeks, ETFs have attracted billions of dollars, while the market has also been buoyed by the forthcoming upgrade to the Ethereum blockchain platform, which hosts the second-largest cryptocurrency, Ether, and the anticipated Bitcoin "halving" event in April. This event is expected to reduce the rate at which new bitcoins are created. Despite the market's previous downturn in 2021, known as the "crypto winter," which led to significant losses for many investors due to bankruptcies and failures within major crypto firms, the influx of investment continues. This past downturn resulted in heightened regulatory warnings concerning the risks involved. However, the persistent inflow of capital suggests a renewed confidence in the cryptocurrency sector. Enthusiasts argue that the industry has evolved and matured, though central bankers and regulators maintain a cautious stance. Investors are now speculating about the potential growth of the market and whether this time will be different. South Africa News The top leadership of the ANC, known as the ANC top 7, has identified senior party members recommended for removal from the party's national lists due to negative conclusions drawn against them in the State Capture Report by Chief Justice Raymond Zondo. Nonetheless, a significant portion of the party's National Executive Committee members are of the opinion that actions to remove these individuals from the Parliamentary list should be temporarily paused. Former President Jacob Zuma has emerged as the leading candidate on the Umkhonto we Sizwe Party (MKP) list for the National Assembly in the upcoming national and provincial elections scheduled for 29 May. Zuma declared his support for this new breakaway party last December. Although he has neither departed from the ANC nor been expelled, he has now become the prominent figure in its campaign for the forthcoming election. Standard Bank has released a cautionary notice advising the public to steer clear of a fraudulent entity or website that is illegitimately utilising the bank's information to validate its unlawful operations. This entity, operating under the name Direct Access Finance, falsely claims its location at the Standard Bank Centre, 5 Simmonds Street, Johannesburg. Economic Calendar In the upcoming economic calendar for this week, several significant events are scheduled to take place. source: investing.com

To trade, or open a new account, contact the Unum Capital Trading Desk: E-mail: tradingdesk@unum.co.za | Call: 011 384 2923 Lester Davids Analyst: Unum Capital 06h30 | Market Dashboard as of Friday's close 06h30 | JSE Sectors vs Moving Averages, as of Friday afternoon: 06h30 | JSE Relative Sector Ratings, as of Friday’s close (Sector Relative To The Top 40 Index) 06h30 | Technical Summary: Mid & Large Caps, as of Friday's close. 06h30 | JSE Relative Sector Regimes, as of Friday’s afternoon. Top 40, Technology, Diversified Miners, Banks, Insurers Gold Miners, Platinum Miners, Consumer Staples, Consumer Discretionary, Pharmaceuticals & Hospitals Coal Miners, Telecoms, Paper & Pulp, Chemicals, Luxury Goods, USD/ZAR 06h30 | SBK Standard Bank | Recently (19-Feb) I highlighted data which showed both positive and negative aspects of the share. Included in this was the share price trading 37% above it’s 200-week SMA (technically extended by historical measures). From R208, the share has since retreated by 1200c to a low of R196 (last close 19735c). As per Friday’s Tactical Trading Guide, the readings for the 3 time frames are as follows: Note the LONG TERM time frame (column to the far right) which states that the 50-week moving average could be a re-entry zone). At the last close, this level is at 18633c, however is subject to change. 06h30 | BVT Bidvest Group. Wednesday’s end of day reading from the tactical trading guide stated that the following: SHORT TERM (1-10 days) “Would not enter buy/long here. The buy/long reward-to-risk is unattractive”. MEDIUM TERM (2-4 weeks) “The general trend is up, however, look for failure to hold prior sessions highs to initiate a 1 to 2 day short/sell setup”. On Thursday the share printed a doji candle (indecision) followed by a bearish engulfing candle on Friday. The R261 to R263 range appears to be a resistance area while the 8-EMA (around R250) is a logical downside target as well as support zone. 06h30 | Overbought In The Short Term: How To Approach These Shares 06h30 | TECHNICAL SCREEN: Oversold Within A Strong Bearish Trend. See slide below: 06h30 | Higher Time Frames Tend To Dominate | While some shares appear in the SHORT TERM OVERBOUGHT category, it is also important to consider the higher trading time frames. Shares such as ADH, HAR and DCP have had massive moves however a share such as ARI is not as extended as the aforementioned and may have the ability to continue it’s move higher over the medium term. The focus in the data set below is on the LONG TERM TRADING TIME FRAME I.e, 5 to 8 weeks. Although they are all overbought over the last 7 trading sessions, Note the differences in readings. 06h30 | Speaking of African Rainbow Minerals (ARI)…we have seen strong upside follow-through from the 14-November view which looked for a channel break and change of trend. Was R167 at the time, recent high = R203 (02 January). 06h30 | Tactical Trading Guide (Share Commentary): Largest 60 Shares By Market Cap. Click here to access the data set => https://www.unum.capital/post/tactical-trading-guide 06h30 | Offshore markets have offered an enormous amount of trading opportunities. Most recently (11 January), global insurers and re-insurers was a group which appeared on one of my custom screeners. To trade global shares, you will need an offshore account. ORIGINAL FOLLOW-UP (The yellow vertical line represents the day of the original chart) Lester Davids Analyst: Unum Capital Resource Centre Research Disclaimer (Click Here) Research Philosophy - Click Here To Read Top Trading Tips: (1) Let The Candle Confirm (Click Here To Read) (2) Failure & Reclaim (Click here To Read) (3) Igniting Bar (Click Here To Read) Resource Centre (1) Standard Deviation Chartbook Introduction (Click Here) (2) Standard Deviation: Range of Outcomes & Traders Potential Action (Click Here) (3) Optimal Conditions For Bullish & Bearish Trading Setups (Click Here) (4) Core Trading Principles (5) Core Macro Principles Systematic Insights: Timely Trading Signals Via The Tactical Trading Guide: MTN, MNP, TBS, SBK, DSY, TKG, MTM, HAR, GFI, IMP (Click Here)

Introduction In the world of equity market analysis, traders and investors often seek to identify promising investment opportunities by evaluating the performance of various shares. One valuable tool that aids in this analysis is the Relative Rotational Graph (RRG). RRG is a graphical representation that helps investors understand the relative strength and momentum of different shares within a given market or sector. What is a Relative Rotational Graph (RRG)? A Relative Rotational Graph is a visual representation of the relative performance of shares in comparison to a benchmark index or a specific group of shares. The graph plots individual shares as data points and illustrates their movement over time, relative to the benchmark. The positioning of each share on the graph provides crucial insights into its relative strength, momentum, and potential investment opportunities. How RRG Works: The Four Quadrants The RRG chart is divided into four quadrants, each representing different stages of relative performance: Leading (Leading Quadrant): Shares in this quadrant are exhibiting strong relative strength and positive momentum compared to the benchmark. They are outperforming the broader market or sector and are considered leaders in terms of price performance. These shares are regarded as potential Profit takes or Holds candidates. Weakening (Weakening Quadrant): Shares in this quadrant are experiencing a decline in relative strength compared to the benchmark. While they might still be in an uptrend, their momentum is slowing down, and they may be losing some of their leadership positions. These shares are classified as potential Deteriorating candidates or short-selling. Lagging (Lagging Quadrant): Shares in this quadrant are underperforming the benchmark. They are experiencing weak relative strength and may be struggling compared to other shares or the broader market. These shares are classified as potential Avoid candidates. Improving (Improving Quadrant): Shares in this quadrant are showing signs of improvement in relative strength, indicating that they are gaining momentum and starting to outperform the benchmark. These shares are considered as potential Buy candidates. Interpreting RRG for Investment Insights When analysing a Relative Rotational Graph, traders and investors can draw several meaningful conclusions: Identifying Leaders and Laggards: RRG helps investors quickly identify which shares are leading the market's upward trends and which are lagging behind. Leading shares in the Leading Quadrant might be attractive investment candidates, while those in the Lagging Quadrant could warrant closer examination to understand potential weaknesses. Spotting Trend Reversals: A changing position of a share on the RRG can signal a potential trend reversal. For example, a share moving from the Weakening Quadrant to the Improving Quadrant may indicate a shift in momentum and an upcoming upward trend. Diversification Insights: RRG can assist in portfolio diversification by highlighting shares that exhibit a low correlation with the benchmark. Adding shares with diverse movement patterns can help reduce overall portfolio risk. Monitoring Sector Rotations: RRG is especially useful for sector rotation strategies, where investors rotate their investments based on the relative strength of sectors. It helps identify which sectors are currently leading or lagging in the market. Limitations of RRG While RRG is a valuable tool, it is essential to recognize its limitations: Historical Performance: RRG is based on past price data and may not always predict future movements accurately. Not a Standalone Indicator: RRG should be used in conjunction with other technical and fundamental analysis tools for comprehensive decision-making. Volatility Impact: Highly volatile shares may exhibit erratic movements on the RRG, making interpretation challenging. Conclusion Relative Rotational Graphs provide traders and investors with a powerful visual representation of the relative performance of shares compared to a benchmark index or a group of shares. By understanding the quadrants and interpreting the movements of individual shares, investors can gain valuable insights into market trends, identify potential investment opportunities, and optimise their portfolio allocations. As with any investment analysis tool, it should be used alongside other methods and within the context of a well-thought-out investment strategy. JSE All Share constituent RRG chart: The updated RRG chart displayed below compares the individual constituents of the JSE All Share index against the index itself. This chart undergoes daily updates, and to enhance clarity, various colour backgrounds are utilised for ease of reference. Leading (Leading Quadrant): Green background. These shares are regarded as potential Profit takes or Hold candidates. Weakening (Weakening Quadrant): Yellow background. These shares are classified as potential Deteriorating candidates or short-selling. Lagging (Lagging Quadrant): Red background. These shares are classified as potential Avoid candidates. Improving (Improving Quadrant): Blue background. These shares are considered potential Buy candidates.

Introduction When it comes to investing in shares, it's crucial to be armed with the right tools and knowledge to make informed decisions. One of the most important metrics that investors use to assess the risk and return potential of equities is beta. Beta is a numerical value that measures the sensitivity of a share's price movements relative to changes in the broader market. We will delve into the concept of beta and explore its significance for share investors. What is Beta? Beta, often denoted as "β," is a statistical measure used in finance to quantify the volatility or systematic risk of a share compared to the overall market. The market, in this context, is typically represented by an index, such as the Top 40 index. The beta value indicates how much a share's price is expected to move concerning the market's movements. It helps investors understand how closely the share's performance is tied to the market's fluctuations. Interpreting Beta Values β = 1: If a share has a beta of 1, it moves in perfect correlation with the market. Its price tends to rise or fall by the same percentage as the market index. Such shares are considered market-neutral in terms of volatility. β < 1: A share with a beta below 1 is less volatile than the market. In other words, it is expected to have smaller price swings than the overall market. These shares are often referred to as defensive equities and are perceived to offer a more stable investment option. β > 1: A share with a beta above 1 is more volatile than the market. It tends to experience larger price movements, both upward and downward, compared to the market index. These shares are considered aggressive or growth-oriented investments. Risk and Return Relationship Beta plays a crucial role in determining the risk and return profile of a share. Typically, higher beta shares offer the potential for greater returns but also come with higher risk. Conversely, lower beta shares may have more modest returns but tend to be less risky and more stable during market downturns. For example, if Share A has a beta of 1.5, and the market (represented by an index) increases by 10%, Share A might be expected to rise by 15% (1.5 times the market return). Conversely, if the market falls by 10%, Share A could be anticipated to decline by 15%. How to Use Beta in Investment Decisions Diversification: Beta can help investors build a diversified portfolio. By combining shares with different beta values, investors can offset the risk of high-beta shares with the stability of low-beta shares. Risk Management: Beta assists in assessing the level of risk an investor is willing to undertake. Conservative investors might opt for low-beta shares, while those seeking higher returns might favour high-beta shares. Market Timing: Understanding beta can help investors make better decisions about when to buy or sell a share. During a bullish market, high-beta shares may outperform, while during a bearish market, low-beta shares may hold up better. Limitations of Beta While beta is a valuable metric, it does have some limitations: Historical Data: Beta is based on historical price movements, and the past may not necessarily predict future performance accurately. Market Conditions: Beta assumes that market conditions will remain constant, which is often not the case. Single-factor Metric: Beta considers only market-related risk and does not account for other factors like company-specific events or changes in industry dynamics. Conclusion Beta is a useful tool for investors to gauge the volatility and risk associated with a particular share relative to the overall market. It aids in constructing a well-balanced portfolio and managing risk according to individual investment goals and risk tolerance. However, beta should not be the sole factor in investment decisions, as it's essential to consider other aspects of a company's fundamentals and the broader economic environment to make well-informed investment choices. As with any investment analysis, it's prudent to conduct thorough research. Top 40 share beta and selected markets: The heatmap displayed below presents the constituents of the Top 40 index alongside selected major markets. This dynamic heatmap is updated daily, providing valuable insights. For added convenience, you can download the corresponding data as an Excel file. Stay informed of the latest trends and changes in the market through this user-friendly visualisation. Download the Excel file here:

Introduction In the world of share trading, understanding correlation is vital for making informed investment decisions and managing risk effectively. Correlation plays a crucial role in assessing how different shares or assets move in relation to each other, providing insights into portfolio diversification, risk management, and potential investment opportunities. We will explore the concept of correlation in share trading, its importance, and how traders and investors can leverage this knowledge to improve their strategies. What is Correlation in Share Trading? In share trading, correlation refers to the statistical relationship between the price movements of two or more shares or assets. When two shares have a positive correlation, they tend to move in the same direction – when one share's price increases, the other share's price also increases. On the other hand, a negative correlation indicates that two shares tend to move in opposite directions – when one share's price increases, the other share's price decreases. Finally, if two shares have a correlation close to zero, it suggests that their price movements are not significantly related. Measuring Correlation in Share Trading The most common method of measuring correlation between two shares is by using the Pearson correlation coefficient, just like in general statistics. The correlation coefficient ranges from -1 to 1, with the same interpretation as before: r = 1 indicates a perfect positive correlation, where the two shares move in complete harmony. r = -1 indicates a perfect negative correlation, where the two shares move in opposite directions. r ≈ 0 indicates little to no correlation, suggesting that the two shares have independent price movements. Importance of Correlation in Share Trading Understanding the correlation between different shares is crucial for several reasons: Diversification: Correlation helps traders identify assets that have low or negative correlations with each other. Diversifying a portfolio with assets that are not highly correlated can help reduce overall risk. When some assets decrease in value, others might increase, which can mitigate losses. Risk Management: High correlations among shares can increase the overall risk in a portfolio. If all shares in a portfolio are positively correlated, they are more likely to experience simultaneous declines during market downturns. By knowing the correlation between holdings, traders can optimise their portfolios to manage risk more effectively. Identifying Investment Opportunities: Traders can use correlation analysis to identify potential investment opportunities. For example, if they notice a positive correlation between two shares, they might consider one as a proxy for the other. If the correlation is negative, they may see a hedging opportunity to protect against price declines. Sector Analysis: Correlation analysis can help traders understand the broader movements within specific sectors or industries. For example, in a technology-heavy sector, many shares might be positively correlated, and understanding this can influence investment decisions within that sector. Limitations of Correlation in Share Trading While correlation is a valuable tool, it has its limitations: Changing Market Conditions: Correlations between shares can change over time due to shifts in market dynamics, economic conditions, or company-specific events. Traders need to monitor correlations regularly and be prepared for them to evolve. Limited to Linear Relationships: Correlation measures linear relationships between variables. Some shares may have non-linear relationships, making it important to consider other forms of analysis alongside correlation. Causation Concerns: As always, it's essential to remember that correlation does not imply causation. Just because two shares are correlated does not necessarily mean that one share causes the price movement of the other. Conclusion In share trading, understanding correlation is a powerful tool for making informed decisions, managing risk, and optimising investment portfolios. By analysing the relationship between different shares, traders can diversify their portfolios effectively, identify hedging opportunities, and navigate changing market conditions more intelligently. However, correlation should always be used in combination with other forms of analysis, and traders must be cautious about drawing causal conclusions solely based on correlation. With a solid understanding of correlation, traders can navigate the dynamic world of share trading with greater confidence and success. Top 40 share correlation and selected markets The heatmap displayed below presents the constituents of the Top 40 index alongside selected major markets. This dynamic heatmap is updated daily, providing valuable insights. For added convenience, you can download the corresponding data as an Excel file. Stay informed of the latest trends and changes in the market through this user-friendly visualisation. Download the Excel file here:

Introduction: This graph is a scatter plot presenting volume analysis for the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE). The horizontal axis (x-axis) represents the "Volume multiple of the last 200 trading days", indicating how much the volume of the day’s trading compares to the average of the last 200 days. A value of 1 would mean the volume is equal to the 200-day average, values greater than 1 mean more than average volume, and values less than 1 mean less than average volume. The vertical axis (y-axis) shows the "Percentage daily change", which represents the percentage change in the share price compared to the previous day. Positive values indicate an increase in share price, while negative values indicate a decrease. The points on the graph are labelled with ticker symbols representing different companies. Points above the horizontal axis represent shares that have increased in price, and points below it represent shares that have decreased in price. Similarly, points to the right of the vertical axis represent shares with higher trading volumes than the average, and points to the left represent shares with lower-than-average trading volumes. Interpretation: Shares in the upper right quadrant (green dots) could be considered strong performers as they are experiencing both a high volume of trading and an increase in price. This could indicate positive investor sentiment and possibly a good buying opportunity if the momentum is expected to continue. Shares in the lower right quadrant (red dots) might be experiencing a high volume of trades but are decreasing in price. This could signal a selling pressure or negative sentiment, and investors might want to investigate further before making a decision, as they could represent either a potential for buying at a lower price (if the fundamentals are solid) or a risk if the price continues to decline. Shares in the lower left quadrant (red dots) are seeing both lower volumes and a decrease in price, which could be a sign of weak investor interest or a negative outlook, suggesting caution. Shares in the upper left quadrant (green dots) are experiencing an increase in price despite trading at lower volumes, which could indicate undervalued opportunities but also might suggest lower confidence among investors, thus these would require careful analysis. Before making any investment decisions, it is important to consider other factors beyond just the volume and price change. These can include fundamental analysis of the company's financial health, news, industry trends, and overall market conditions. Additionally, past performance is not necessarily indicative of future results. Always conduct thorough research.